Nutrient Signaling Pathways in Cardiovascular Disease: Focus on Amino Acid Metabolism

Abstract

Nutrient signaling pathways play a crucial role in cardiovascular disease (CVD), with amino acid metabolism being a key component of these pathways. Beyond their fundamental roles as building blocks of proteins, Amino acids act as significant signaling molecules that regulate various cellular processes crucial for cardiovascular health. Dysregulation of amino acid metabolism can lead to metabolic disturbances, contributing to the pathogenesis of CVD. For instance, altered levels of amino acids such as arginine, leucine, and homocysteine are associated with endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and oxidative stress, which are pivotal in developing atherosclerosis and hypertension. Nutrient sensors, such as the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), respond to amino acid availability and orchestrate metabolic and inflammatory responses in cardiovascular tissues. Understanding these intricate nutrient signaling pathways offers potential therapeutic targets for preventing and managing CVD through dietary and pharmacological interventions to restore amino acid balance and improve metabolic health.